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Python ConfigParser 教程

2022年07月19日148thcjp

Python ConfigParser 教程

本文介绍Python ConfigParser,展示如何在Python中使用ConfigParser处理配置文件。ConfigParser是解析Python查询配置文件类,配置文件一般类似于Windows ini文件。通过配置文件可以让用户对应用进行个性化配置。

配置文件有多个部分或组构成,每个部分都包括一组键值对。组名称使用[]进行标识。键值对使用:或 = 进行分割。每行的注释可以使用#或;开头。

1. 读配置文件

下面先介绍如何读配置文件。

1.1. 读取配置文件属性

# db.ini 
 
[mysql] 
host = localhost 
user = user7 
passwd = s$cret 
db = ydb 
 
[postgresql] 
host = localhost 
user = user8 
passwd = mypwd$7 
db = testdb 

db.ini中配置了两组数据。

# reading_from_file.py 
#!/usr/bin/env python3 
 
import configparser 
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser() 
config.read('db.ini') 
 
host = config['mysql']['host'] 
user = config['mysql']['user'] 
passwd = config['mysql']['passwd'] 
db = config['mysql']['db'] 
 
print('MySQL configuration:') 
 
print(f'Host: {host}') 
print(f'User: {user}') 
print(f'Password: {passwd}') 
print(f'Database: {db}') 
 
host2 = config['postgresql']['host'] 
user2 = config['postgresql']['user'] 
passwd2 = config['postgresql']['passwd'] 
db2 = config['postgresql']['db'] 
 
print('PostgreSQL configuration:') 
 
print(f'Host: {host2}') 
print(f'User: {user2}') 
print(f'Password: {passwd2}') 
print(f'Database: {db2}') 

读配置文件,通过初始化configParser,并调用read方法:

config = configparser.ConfigParser() 
config.read('db.ini') 

获取mysql的属性:

host = config['mysql']['host'] 
user = config['mysql']['user'] 
passwd = config['mysql']['passwd'] 
db = config['mysql']['db'] 

获取postgreSql属性:

host2 = config['postgresql']['host'] 
user2 = config['postgresql']['user'] 
passwd2 = config['postgresql']['passwd'] 
db2 = config['postgresql']['db'] 

运行并输出结果:

$ python reading_from_file.py 
MySQL configuration: 
Host: localhost 
User: user7 
Password: s$cret 
Database: ydb 
PostgreSQL configuration: 
Host: localhost 
User: user8 
Password: mypwd$7 
Database: testdb 
This is the output. 

1.2. 读分组信息

配置数据通过分组进行组织。sections()方法获取所有分组信息,has_section()检查是否包含特定的组。

# sections.py 
#!/usr/bin/env python3 
 
import configparser 
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser() 
config.read('db.ini') 
 
sections = config.sections() 
print(f'Sections: {sections}') 
 
sections.append('sqlite') 
 
for section in sections: 
 
    if config.has_section(section): 
      print(f'Config file has section {section}') 
    else: 
      print(f'Config file does not have section {section}') 

输出结果如下:

$ python sections.py 
Sections: ['mysql', 'postgresql'] 
Config file has section mysql 
Config file has section postgresql 
Config file does not have section sqlite 

1.3. 从字符串中读信息

从Python3.2开始,可以使用read_string()方法读配置信息:

# read_from_string.py 
#!/usr/bin/env python3 
 
import configparser 
 
cfg_data = ''' 
[mysql] 
host = localhost 
user = user7 
passwd = s$cret 
db = ydb 
''' 
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser() 
config.read_string(cfg_data) 
 
host = config['mysql']['host'] 
user = config['mysql']['user'] 
passwd = config['mysql']['passwd'] 
db = config['mysql']['db'] 
 
print(f'Host: {host}') 
print(f'User: {user}') 
print(f'Password: {passwd}') 
print(f'Database: {db}') 

示例是中字符串中读配置信息。

1.4. 从字典类型中读配置信息

从python3.2开始,可以使用read_dict() 读字典中配置信息:

# read_from_dict.py 
#!/usr/bin/env python3 
 
import configparser 
 
cfg_data = { 
    'mysql': {'host': 'localhost', 'user': 'user7', 
              'passwd': 's$cret', 'db': 'ydb'} 
} 
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser() 
config.read_dict(cfg_data) 
 
host = config['mysql']['host'] 
user = config['mysql']['user'] 
passwd = config['mysql']['passwd'] 
db = config['mysql']['db'] 
 
print(f'Host: {host}') 
print(f'User: {user}') 
print(f'Password: {passwd}') 
print(f'Database: {db}') 

配置字典结构支持嵌套,从而实现分组配置。

cfg_data = { 
    'mysql': {'host': 'localhost', 'user': 'user7', 
                'passwd': 's$cret', 'db': 'ydb'} 
} 

2. 写配置文件

使用write方法写配置信息。下面示例写db3.ini配置文件:

# writing.py 
#!/usr/bin/env python3 
 
import configparser 
 
config = configparser.ConfigParser() 
 
config.add_section('mysql') 
 
config['mysql']['host'] = 'localhost' 
config['mysql']['user'] = 'user7' 
config['mysql']['passwd'] = 's$cret' 
config['mysql']['db'] = 'ydb' 
 
with open('db3.ini', 'w') as configfile: 
    config.write(configfile) 

增加分组信息:

config.add_section('mysql') 

然后设置属性:

config['mysql']['host'] = 'localhost' 
config['mysql']['user'] = 'user7' 
config['mysql']['passwd'] = 's$cret' 
config['mysql']['db'] = 'ydb' 

最后使用wirte方法写入文件。

3. 配置文件支持变量

ConfigParser支持配置文件包括变量的解析,变量语法使用%()s:

# cfg.ini 
[info] 
users_dir= C:\Users 
name= Jano 
home_dir= %(users_dir)s\%(name)s 

home_dir属性使用变量。注意‘s’字符是语法的一部分。

输出结果:

$ python interpolation.py 
Users directory: C:\Users 
Name: Jano 
Home directory: C:\Users\Jano 

4. 总结

本文通过示例介绍了多种方式读取配置文件,同时介绍了写配置文件及支持变量方式设置属性值。


本文参考链接:https://blog.csdn.net/neweastsun/article/details/101151522